Munzira dzemazuva ano dzekurapa mvura, zvinhu zvinoshandiswa zvakanyanya mukuchenesa mvura imunyu wearuminiyamu nemunyu wesimbi, munyu wearuminiyamu unosara mumvura yakarapwa unoisa hutano hwevanhu panjodzi, uye munyu wesimbi unosara uchakanganisa ruvara rwemvura, nezvimwewo; muzhinji Mukurapa mvura yakasviba, zvakaoma kukunda matambudziko ekusvibiswa kwechipiri akadai sekuwanda kwetsvina uye kuoma kurasa tsvina. Nokudaro, kutsvaga chigadzirwa chechisikigo chisingakonzere kusvibiswa kwechipiri kunharaunda kuti chitsive munyu wearuminiyamu nemunyu wesimbi ndiko kudiwa kwekushandisa nzira dzekusimudzira nharaunda nhasi. Zvinhu zvepolymer zvakasikwa zvakakwezva kutariswa kukuru pakati pezvinhu zvakawanda zvekugadzira nekuda kwehuwandu hwezvinhu zvazvinogadzirwa, mutengo wakaderera, kusarudza kwakanaka, dosi diki, kuchengetedzeka uye kusakuvadza, uye kuora kwehupenyu. Mushure memakumi emakore ekugadzirwa, huwandu hwakawanda hwezvinhu zvepolymer zvechisikigo zvine hunhu hwakasiyana uye mashandisirwo azvo hwakabuda, pakati pazvo starch, lignin, chitosan nemuriwo glue zviri kushandiswa zvakanyanya parizvino.
ChitosanZvivakwa
Chitosan chinhu chichena chisina kujeka, chakasimba chinopenya, hachinyungudike mumvura asi chinonyungudika muasidhi, chinova chigadzirwa che chitin chinobvisa acetylation. Kazhinji, chitosan inogona kunzi chitosan kana boka reN-acetyl riri muchitin rabviswa neanopfuura 55%. Chitin ndicho chinhu chikuru che exoskeletons yemhuka nezvipembenene, uye ndicho chikamu chechipiri pakukura cheorganic pasi pano mushure me cellulose. Se flocculant, chitosan chinhu chechisikigo, hachina chepfu uye chinoora. Kune mapoka akawanda ehydroxyl, mapoka emaamino uye mamwe mapoka eN-acetylamino akapararira pa macromolecular chain ye chitosan, ayo anogona kuumba cationic polyelectrolytes ine high charge density mu acidic solutions, uye anogonawo kuumba network-like structures kuburikidza ne hydrogen bonds kana ionic bonds. Cage molecules, nokudaro ichibatanidza nekubvisa akawanda heavy metal ions ane chepfu uye anokuvadza. Chitosan nezvimwe zvinobva mairi zvine mashandisirwo akasiyana-siyana, kwete chete mumachira, kudhinda nekudhaya, kugadzira mapepa, mishonga, chikafu, indasitiri yemakemikari, biology nekurima uye mamwe mabasa mazhinji ane hunhu hwakawanda hwekushandisa, asiwo mukurapa mvura, inogona kushandiswa se adsorbent, flocculation agents, fungicides, ion exchangers, membrane preparations, nezvimwewo. Chitosan yakatenderwa neUS Environmental Protection Agency semushonga wekuchenesa mvura yekunwa nekuda kwezvakanaka zvayo zvakasiyana mukushandiswa kwemvura uye kurapwa kwemvura.
Kushandiswa kweChitosanmukurapa mvura
(1) Bvisa zvinhu zvakasungirirwa mumvura. Mumvura yechisikigo, inova negative charge colloid system nekuda kwekuvapo kwebhakitiriya yevhu, nezvimwewo. Se polymer ye cationic ine chain refu, chitosan inogona kuita mabasa maviri e electric neutralization uye coagulation uye adsorption uye bridging, uye ine simba rakasimba rekuonda pazvinhu zvakasungirirwa. Zvichienzaniswa ne alum yechinyakare ne polyacrylamide se flocculants, chitosan ine zvirinani kujekesa. RAVID nevamwe vakadzidza mhedzisiro ye flocculation treatment yekugoverwa kwemvura kaolin kamwe chete apo chitosan pH value yaive 5-9, uye vakaona kuti flocculation yakakanganiswa zvakanyanya ne pH value, uye pH value inoshanda yekubvisa turbidity yaive 7.0-7.5. 1mg/L flocculant, turbidity removal rate inodarika 90%, uye flocs inogadzirwa yakaoma uye inokurumidza, uye nguva yese flocculation sedimentation haipfuure 1h; asi kana pH yadzikira kana kuwedzera, kushanda kweflocculation kunoderera, zvichiratidza kuti chete mu pH yakamanikana, chitosan inogona kugadzira polymerization yakanaka ne kaolin particles. Dzimwe ongororo dzakawana kuti kana flocculated bentonite suspension ikagadziriswa ne chitosan, pH value yakakodzera yakafara. Nokudaro, kana mvura ine turbid ine particles dzakafanana ne kaolin, zvakakosha kuwedzera huwandu hwakakodzera hwe bentonite se coagulant kuti uwedzere polymerization yechitosanpazvikamu. Gare gare, RAVID nevamwe vake vakawana kuti
Kana paine humus mu kaolin kana titanium dioxide suspension, zviri nyore kuisanganisa ne chitosan, nekuti humus ine negative charge yakabatana pamusoro pezvikamu, uye humus inoita kuti zvive nyore kugadzirisa pH. Chitosan ichiri kuratidza hunhu hwakanaka hwe flocculation kune mvura dzechisikigo dzine turbidity yakasiyana uye alkalinity.
(2) Bvisa algae nemabhakitiriya mumvura. Mumakore achangopfuura, vamwe vanhu vari kunze kwenyika vakatanga kudzidza nezvekunyungudika uye kutenderera kwe chitosan mumasisitimu e colloid e biological akadai se algae nemabhakitiriya. Chitosan ine simba rekubvisa algae yemvura yakachena, inonzi Spirulina, Oscillator algae, Chlorella uye blue-green algae. Zvidzidzo zvakaratidza kuti kune algae yemvura yakachena, kubviswa kwakanakisa pa pH ye7; kune algae yegungwa, pH yakaderera. Chipimo chakakodzera che chitosan chinoenderana nehuwandu hwe algae mumvura. Kana huwandu hwe algae hwakakwira, chiyero chakawanda che chitosan chinofanira kuwedzerwa, uye kuwedzera kwechipimo che chitosan kunowanzo kukonzera kutenderera nekunaya kwemvura. Turbidity inogona kuyera kubviswa kwe algae. Kana pH iri 7, 5mg/Lchitosaninogona kubvisa 90% yemvura yakasanganiswa nemvura, uye kana algae yakawanda, floc particles inowedzera kuomarara uye sedimentation performance iri nani.
Ongororo ye microscope yakaratidza kuti algae dzakabviswa ne flocculation uye sedimentation dzakangounganidzwa pamwe chete, uye dzaive dzichiri mumamiriro ezvinhu asina kukanganiswa uye anoshanda. Sezvo chitosan isingakonzeri migumisiro yakaipa pamhando dzemvura dziri mumvura, mvura yakabatwa inogona kushandiswa mukurima mvura yakachena, kusiyana nedzimwe flocculants dzekugadzira pakurapa mvura. Nzira yekubvisa chitosan pamabhakitiriya yakaoma. Nekudzidza flocculation yeEscherichia coli ne chitosan, zvakaonekwa kuti unbalanced bridging mechanism ndiyo nzira huru ye flocculation system, uye chitosan inogadzira hydrogen bonds pamarara emasero. Imwe ongororo yakaratidza kuti kushanda kwe chitosan flocculation ye E. coli hakungotsamiri pakuchaja kwe dielectric asiwo pahukuru hwayo hwe hydraulic.
(3) Bvisai aruminiyamu yasara mochenesa mvura yekunwa. Munyu wearuminiyamu ne polyaluminum flocculants zvinoshandiswa zvakanyanya mukurapa mvura yepombi, asi kushandiswa kwe aruminiyamu salt flocculants kunogona kukonzera kuwanda kwearuminiyamu mumvura yekunwa. Aruminiyamu yasara mumvura yekunwa injodzi huru kuhutano hwevanhu. Kunyangwe chitosan iinewo dambudziko remvura yakasara, nekuti i alkaline aminopolysaccharide yechisikigo isina chepfu, yasara haizokonzere kukuvadza muviri wemunhu, uye inogona kubviswa mukurapa kunotevera. Pamusoro pezvo, kushandiswa pamwe chete kwe chitosan ne inorganic flocculants dzakadai se polyaluminum chloride kunogona kuderedza huwandu hwearuminiyamu yasara. Naizvozvo, mukurapa mvura yekunwa, chitosan ine zvakanakira izvo zvimwe zvigadzirwa zve organic polymer flocculants zvisingagoni kutsiva.
Kushandiswa kweChitosan mukurapa mvura yakasviba
(1) Bvisa maayoni esimbi. Cheni yemamorekuru echitosanuye zvinobva mairi zvine huwandu hwakawanda hwemaamino groups ne hydroxyl groups, saka ine chelating effect pama ions akawanda esimbi, uye inogona kunyudza kana kubata ma ions esimbi anorema mumushonga. Catherine A. Eiden nedzimwe ongororo dzakaratidza kuti kugona kwekunyudza chitosan kuenda kuPb2+ neCr3+ (muchikamu chechitosan) kunosvika 0.2 mmol/g uye 0.25 mmol/g, zvichiteerana, uye ine simba rakasimba rekunyudza. Zhang Ting'an nevamwe vake vakashandisa deacetylated chitosan kubvisa mhangura ne flocculation. Zvakabuda zvakaratidza kuti kana pH yava 8.0 uye huwandu hwakawanda hwema ions emhangura mumuenzaniso wemvura hwaive hwakaderera pane 100 mg/L, mwero wekubvisa mhangura waive pamusoro pe99%; Huremu hwema ions i400mg/L, uye huwandu hwakawanda hwema ions emhangura mumvura yasara huchiri kusangana nechiyero chenyika chekuburitsa mvura yakasviba. Imwe ongororo yakaratidza kuti kana pH=5.0 uye nguva yekunyungudutsa yaive maawa maviri, mwero wekubvisa chitosan kuenda kuNi2+ mu adsorption chemical nickel plating waste liquid unogona kusvika 72.25%.
(2) Bata mvura yakasviba neprotein yakawanda senge mvura yakasviba yechikafu. Panguva yekugadzirisa chikafu, mvura yakasviba ine huwandu hwakawanda hwezvinhu zvakasungirirwa inoburitswa. Molekyuru ye chitosan ine boka re amide, boka re amino uye boka re hydroxyl. Nekupararira kweboka re amino, inoratidza basa re cationic polyelectrolyte, iyo isingangogumiri pa chelating metals chete, asiwo inogona kuyerera nekunyudza zvinyoro nyoro zvakashaikwa mumvura. Chitin ne chitosan zvinogona kugadzira complexes ne hydrogen bonding nema protein, amino acids, fatty acids, nezvimwewo. Fang Zhimin et al. vakashandisachitosan, aluminium sulfate, ferric sulfate uye polypropylene phthalamide se flocculants yekudzosa mapuroteni kubva mumvura yakasviba inogadzirwa mugungwa. Kuwanda kwemapuroteni anodzoka uye chiedza chinobuda chinogona kuwanikwa. Nekuti chitosan pachayo haina chepfu uye haina kusvibiswa kwechipiri, inogona kushandiswa kudzokorodza zvinhu zvinobatsira zvakaita seprotein nestarch mumvura yakasviba inobva muzvigadziko zvinogadzira chikafu kuti zvigadzirwe uye zvishandiswezve, zvakaita sekuwedzera kuchikafu sechikafu chemhuka.
(3) Kurapa mvura yakasviba inodhindwa nekudhayiwa. Kudhindwa nekudhayiwa mvura yakasviba zvinoreva mvura yakasviba inoburitswa kubva mudonje, mvere dzemakwai, makemikari fiber nezvimwe zvigadzirwa zvemachira panguva yekurapa, kudhayiwa, kudhinda nekupedzisa. Kazhinji ine munyu, organic surfactants uye dhayi, nezvimwewo, ine zvikamu zvakaoma, chroma hombe uye COD yakakwira, uye inokura munzira yekudzivirira oxidation uye anti-degradation, izvo zvinokuvadza zvakanyanya hutano hwevanhu nenharaunda. Chitosan ine mapoka emaamino uye mapoka ehydroxyl, uye ine simba rakasimba re adsorption pamadhayi, anosanganisira: physical adsorption, chemical adsorption uye ion exchange adsorption, kunyanya kuburikidza nehydrogen bonding, electrostatic attraction, ion exchange, van der Waals force, hydrophobic interaction, nezvimwewo. Panguva imwecheteyo, chimiro chemamorekuru chechitosan chine huwandu hwakawanda hwemapoka emaamino ekutanga, ayo anoumba polymer chelating agent yakanaka kuburikidza ne coordination bonds, iyo inogona kubatanidza madhayi mumvura yakasviba, uye haina chepfu uye haiburitse kusvibiswa kwechipiri.
(4) Kushandiswa mukubvisa mvura kubva mumatope. Parizvino, ruzhinji rwemafekitori ekuchenesa tsvina mumaguta anoshandisa cationic polyacrylamide kurapa tsvina. Maitiro akaratidza kuti mushonga uyu une simba rakanaka rekubvisa tsvina uye uri nyore kubvisa tsvina, asi zvasara zvayo, kunyanya acrylamide monomer, inokonzera kenza. Saka, ibasa rine chinangwa chikuru kutsvaga imwe nzira. Chitosan imhando yakanaka yekubvisa tsvina, iyo inobatsira kugadzira mabhakitiriya ekubvisa tsvina anoshandiswa, ayo anogona kuungana negative charged suspended matter uye organic matter mumushonga, uye kuvandudza kushanda kwekurapa kwemaitiro ekubvisa tsvina anoshandiswa. Zvidzidzo zvakaratidza kuti polyaluminum chloride/chitosan composite flocculant haina kungova nemhedzisiro yakajeka mukugadzirisa tsvina, asiwo kana ichienzaniswa nekushandiswa kwePAC imwe chete kana chitosan, kuramba kwetsvina kunotanga kusvika padanho rakaderera, uye chiyero chekusefa chakakwira. Inokurumidza uye inogadzirisa zviri nani; Pamusoro pezvo, mhando nhatu dze carboxymethyl chitosan (N-carboxymethyl chitosan, N, O-carboxymethyl chitosan uye O-carboxymethyl chitosan) dzinoshandiswa sezvo flocculant yakaedzwa pakushanda kwekubvisa mvura kwetsvina, uye zvakaonekwa kuti flocs dzakaumbwa dzaive dzakasimba uye dzaisava nyore kupwanya, zvichiratidza kuti mhedzisiro yeflocculant pakubvisa mvura kwetsvina yaive nani zvakanyanya kupfuura yeflocculants dzakajairika.
Chitosanuye zvinobva mairi zvakapfuma muzviwanikwa, zvechisikigo, hazvina chepfu, zvinoora, uye zvine hunhu hwakasiyana panguva imwe chete. Izvo zvinhu zvekurapa mvura yakasvibirira. Zvinhu zvayo zvechisikigo, chitin, ndiyo yechipiri pakukura kwechisikigo organic pasi rose. Nokudaro, mumakore achangopfuura, kukura kwechitosan mukurapa mvura kune simba riri pachena rekukura. Sepolymer yechisikigo inoshandura marara kuita pfuma, chitosan yakatanga kushandiswa muminda yakawanda, asi mashandiro nekushandiswa kwezvigadzirwa zvemumba zvichiri nemukana wakati zvichienzaniswa nedzimwe nyika dzakabudirira. Nekuwedzera kwekutsvaga chitosan nezvinobva mairi, kunyanya chitosan yakagadziridzwa ine hunhu hwakanaka hwekugadzira, ine kukosha kwakawanda kwekushandisa. Kuongorora tekinoroji yekushandiswa kwechitosan mukurapa mvura uye kugadzira zvigadzirwa zvechitosan zvine hushamwari kune zvakatipoteredza zvine huwandu hwakakura hwekushandiswa kuchava nemutengo wakakura wemusika uye mikana yekushandisa.
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Nguva yekutumira: Nyamavhuvhu-09-2022