Vazhinji vevanhu vemunyika yangu vanogara mumataundi madiki nenzvimbo dzekumaruwa, uye kusvibiswa kwetsvina yekumaruwa kunzvimbo dzemvura kwakwezva kutariswa kuri kuwedzera. Kunze kwehuwandu hwakaderera hwekuchenesa tsvina munzvimbo dzekumadokero, huwandu hwekuchenesa tsvina munzvimbo dzekumaruwa dzenyika yangu hwakawedzera. Zvisinei, nyika yangu ine nzvimbo yakakura, uye mamiriro ezvakatipoteredza, mararamiro uye mamiriro ehupfumi emaguta nemisha munzvimbo dzakasiyana zvinosiyana zvikuru. Maitiro ekuita basa rakanaka mukuchenesa tsvina yakaganhurirwa zvichienderana nemamiriro enzvimbo, ruzivo rwenyika dzakabudirira rwakakosha kudzidza.
Tekinoroji huru yekuchenesa tsvina yemunyika yangu
Kune mhando dzinotevera dzematekinoroji ekuchenesa tsvina yekumaruwa munyika yangu (ona Mufananidzo 1): tekinoroji yebiofilm, tekinoroji yekurapa tsvina yakabatidzwa, tekinoroji yekurapa zvakatipoteredza, tekinoroji yekurapa ivhu, uye tekinoroji yekurapa zvipembenene nezvakatipoteredza. Dhigirii rekushandisa, uye vane zviitiko zvekubudirira zvekutarisira mashandiro. Kubva pamaonero ehuwandu hwekuchenesa tsvina, kugona kwekurapa mvura kunowanzo kuve pasi pematani mazana mashanu.
1. Zvakanakira nezvazvakaipira zve tekinoroji yekuchenesa tsvina yekumaruwa
Mukurapa tsvina yemumaruwa, tekinoroji yega yega inoratidza zvakanakira nezvayakaipira zvinotevera:
Nzira yekudzima tsvina inoshanda: kudzora kunochinjika uye kudzora otomatiki, asi avhareji yemutengo wemhuri imwe neimwe yakakwira, uye vashandi vakakosha vanodiwa pakushanda nekugadzirisa.
Tekinoroji yenzvimbo dzine mvura yakavakwa: mutengo wakaderera wekuvaka, asi mwero wakaderera wekubvisa uye kushanda nekutarisira kwakashata.
Kugadzirisa ivhu: kuvaka, kushanda nekugadzirisa zvinhu zviri nyore, uye mutengo wakaderera, asi zvinogona kusvibisa mvura yepasi uye zvinoda kushanda kwenguva refu nekutarisira.
Nzvimbo yekudyara yemhuka + mubhedha wezvirimwa: yakakodzera nharaunda yekumaodzanyemba, asi yakaoma kushandisa nekugadzirisa.
Nzvimbo diki yekuchenesa tsvina: iri pedyo nenzira yekuchenesa tsvina yemumaguta. Chakanakira ndechekuti mvura yetsvina yakanaka, uye chakashata ndechekuti haikwanise kugutsa zvinodiwa netsvina yekurima yekumaruwa.
Kunyange hazvo dzimwe nzvimbo dziri kukurudzira tekinoroji yekuchenesa tsvina yekumaruwa "isina simba", tekinoroji yekuchenesa tsvina "ine simba" ichiri chikamu chikuru. Parizvino, munzvimbo zhinji dzekumaruwa, ivhu rinopihwa mhuri, uye kune minda mishoma yeveruzhinji, uye mwero wekushandiswa kwevhu munzvimbo dzakabudirira mune hupfumi wakaderera zvikuru. Nzvimbo dzakawanda, dzisina simba dziripo dzekuchenesa tsvina. Naizvozvo, tekinoroji yekuchenesa tsvina "inoshanduka" ine mukana wakanaka wekushandiswa munzvimbo dzisina kushandiswa zvakanyanya kwevhu, hupfumi hwakabudirira uye zvinodiwa zvemhando yepamusoro yemvura. Tekinoroji yekuchenesa tsvina inochengetedza simba uye inoderedza kushandiswa yave nzira yekuvandudza tekinoroji yekuchenesa tsvina yemumba mumisha nemataundi.
2. Nzira dzakasiyana dzekushandisa tekinoroji yekuchenesa tsvina yekumaruwa
Musanganiswa wetekinoroji yekuchenesa tsvina yekumaruwa munyika yangu une nzira nhatu dzinotevera:
Nzira yekutanga ndeye MBR kana kuti contact oxidation kana kuti activated sludge process. Tsvina inotanga yapinda mu septic tank, yozopinda mu biological treatment unit, uye yozopedzisira yabuda mumvura yakapoteredza kuti ishandiswezve. Kushandiswazve kwetsvina yekumaruwa kwakajairika.
Nzira yechipiri inyika ine mvura isina kunyorova + yekugadzira kana dziva risina kunyorova + kana ivhu risina kunyorova, kureva kuti, nzvimbo isina kunyorova inoshandiswa mushure metangi remvura, uye mushure mekurapwa kwezvakatipoteredza, inoburitswa munzvimbo yakakomberedza kana kushandiswa mukurima.
Nzira yechitatu ndeye activated sludge + artificial wetland, activated sludge + dziva, contact oxidation + artificial wetland, kana contact oxidation + land treatment, kureva kuti, aerobic uye aeration devices zvinoshandiswa mushure me septic tank, uye ecosystem treatment unit inowedzerwa Simbisa nitrogen ne phosphorus removal.
Mukushandiswa kwemaitiro chaiwo, nzira yekutanga ndiyo inonyanya kukosha, ichisvika 61%.
Pakati penzira nhatu dziri pamusoro apa, MBR ine mhedzisiro iri nani yekurapa uye yakakodzera kune dzimwe nzvimbo dzine zvinodiwa zvemhando yepamusoro yemvura, asi mutengo wekushanda wakakwira. Mari yekushanda uye mutengo wekuvaka wenzvimbo dzakavakwa dzemvura uye tekinoroji yeanaerobic yakaderera zvikuru, asi kana zvikatariswa zvizere, zvakakosha kuwedzera maitiro ekufema kuti pave nemhedzisiro yakanaka yemvura.
Tekinoroji yekuchenesa tsvina inoshandiswa kunze kwenyika
1. Nyika dzakabatana
Panyaya yehurongwa hwekutarisira uye zvinodiwa zvehunyanzvi, nzira yekubvisa tsvina yetsvina muUnited States inoshanda pasi pehurongwa hwakakwana. Parizvino, nzira yekubvisa tsvina yetsvina yetsvina muUnited States ine matekinoroji anotevera:
Tangi remvura inouraya manyoka. Matangi emvura inouraya manyoka uye kugadziriswa kwevhu matekinoroji anoshandiswa zvakanyanya kunze kwenyika. Sekureva kwedata reongororo yeGerman, inenge 32% yetsvina yakakodzera kugadziriswa kwevhu, iyo 10-20% yayo haina kukodzera. Chikonzero chekukundikana chingave chekuti sisitimu iyi inosvibisa mvura yepasi, zvakaita se: nguva yakawanda yekushandisa; mutoro wakawandisa we hydraulic; matambudziko ekugadzira nekuisa; matambudziko ekutarisira mashandiro, nezvimwewo.
Sefa yejecha. Kusefa jecha inzira inoshandiswa zvakanyanya yekuchenesa tsvina muUnited States, iyo inogona kuita kuti pave nemhedzisiro yakanaka yekubvisa tsvina.
Kurapa nemhepo. Kurapa nemhepo kunoshandiswa munzvimbo dzakawanda muUnited States, uye chiyero chekurapa chinowanzova 1.5-5.7t/d, uchishandisa nzira yebiological turntable kana nzira ye activated sludge. Mumakore achangopfuura, United States yave ichinyanya kukosha pakubata zvakanaka kwenitrogen nephosphorus. Nitrogen yakawanda muUnited States inowanikwa mumvura yakasviba. Zvakakosha kuderedza mari yekugadzirisa inotevera kuburikidza nekuparadzanisa nekukurumidza.
Pamusoro pezvo, kune mishonga yekuuraya utachiona, kubviswa kwezvinovaka muviri, kupatsanurwa kwenzvimbo, uye kubviswa kweN neP uye kudzoreredzwa kwenzvimbo.
2. Japani
Tekinoroji yekuchenesa tsvina yeJapan inozivikanwa zvakanyanya nehurongwa hwayo hwekuchenesa matangi etsvina. Manyuko etsvina yemumba muJapan akasiyana zvishoma neari munyika yangu. Anonyanya kuunganidzwa zvichienderana nekupatsanurwa kwemvura yakasviba yekuwachisa uye mvura yakasviba yekicheni.
Matangi eSeptic muJapan anoiswa munzvimbo dzisina kukodzera kuunganidzwa kwenetiweki yepombi uye uko huwandu hwevanhu hwakaderera. Matangi eSeptic akagadzirirwa vanhu vakasiyana uye maparamita. Kunyangwe matangi eSeptic aripo ari kutsiviwa kubva kuchizvarwa kuenda kune chimwe, achiri kudzorwa nemasinki. Mushure meAO reactor, anaerobic, deoxidizing, aerobic, sedimentation, disinfecting nedzimwe nzira, zvinofanira kutaurwa kuti A septic tank iri kushanda zvakajairika. Kushandiswa kwakabudirira kwematangi eSeptic muJapan hakusi nyaya yehunyanzvi chete, asi sisitimu yekutonga yakakwana pasi pehurongwa hwemutemo hwakakwana, zvichigadzira nyaya inobudirira. Parizvino, kune nyaya dzekushandiswa kwematangi eSeptic munyika medu, uye zvinofanira kutaurwa kuti kunewo misika muSoutheast Asia. Nyika dzakadai seSoutheast Asia, Indonesia, nePhilippines dzakakanganiswawo nemutemo weJapan wekugadzirisa tsvina yetsvina. Malaysia neIndonesia dzakagadzira zvirevo zvavo zvehunyanzvi zvemumba uye nhungamiro dzematangi eSeptic, asi mukuita izvi zvirevo nemirairo iyi zvingave zvisina kukodzera mamiriro avo ehupfumi aripo parizvino.
3. Sangano reEuropean Union
Kutaura zvazviri, kune dzimwe nyika dzakabudirira mune zveupfumi netekinoroji mukati meEU, pamwe chete nedzimwe nzvimbo dzakasara muhupfumi netekinoroji. Panyaya yekukura kwehupfumi, dzakafanana nemamiriro enyika yeChina. Mushure mekubudirira mune zvehupfumi, EU iri kushanda nesimba kuvandudza kurapwa kwetsvina, uye muna 2005 yakapasa chiyero cheEU EN12566-3 chekurapa tsvina yetsvina muzvikamu zvidiki. Chiyero ichi chinofanira kunzi inzira yekugadzirisa matanho emamiriro enzvimbo, mamiriro enzvimbo, nezvimwewo, kusarudza matekinoroji akasiyana ekurapa, kunyanya kusanganisira matangi emvura inoyerera uye kurapwa kwenyika. Pakati pezvimwe zviyero zvakatevedzana, zvivakwa zvakakwana, nzvimbo diki dzekurapa tsvina yetsvina uye masisitimu ekurapa asati asvika zvinosanganisirwawo.
4. India
Mushure mekusuma muchidimbu nyaya dzenyika dzakati wandei dzakabudirira, regai ndikuudzei mamiriro ezvinhu enyika dziri kusimukira muSoutheast Asia dziri pedyo nenzvimbo dzisina kusimukira dzemunyika yangu. Tsvina yemumba muIndia inonyanya kubva mumvura yakasviba yekicheni. Panyaya yekuchenesa tsvina, tekinoroji yematangi etsvina ndiyo inonyanya kushandiswa muSoutheast Asia. Asi dambudziko guru rakafanana nerenyika yedu, kureva kuti, marudzi ese ekusvibiswa kwemvura ari pachena. Nerutsigiro rweHurumende yeIndia, zviito nezvirongwa zvekuwedzera matangi etsvina zvinobudirira zviri kuitwa, neruzivo rwekurapa matangi etsvina uye tekinoroji yekubata oxidation.
5. Indonezhiya
Indonesia iri munzvimbo dzinopisa. Kunyangwe budiriro yehupfumi kumaruwa iri kumashure zvishoma, tsvina yemumba yevagari vemo inonyanya kudonhedzwa munzizi. Nokudaro, hutano hwekumaruwa muMalaysia, Thailand, Vietnam nedzimwe nyika hahuna tariro. Kushandiswa kwematangi emvura inouraya muIndonesia kunokwana 50%, uye vakagadzirawo mitemo yakakodzera yekusimudzira mitemo yekushandiswa kwematangi emvura inouraya muIndonesia.
Ruzivo rwepamusoro rwekune dzimwe nyika
Muchidimbu, nyika dzakabudirira dzine ruzivo rwakawanda rwepamusoro runogona kudzidza kubva munyika yangu: hurongwa hwekuenzanisa munyika dzakabudirira hwakakwana uye hwakaenzana, uye kune hurongwa hwekutarisira mashandiro hunoshanda, hunosanganisira kudzidziswa kwehunyanzvi uye dzidzo yeruzhinji, nepo misimboti yekurapa tsvina munyika dzakabudirira yakajeka.
Zvinosanganisira zvinotevera: (1) Kutsanangura mutoro wekugadzirisa tsvina, uye panguva imwe chete, nyika inotsigira kugadziriswa kwetsvina kuburikidza nemari nemitemo; kugadzira mitemo inoenderana nekutonga nekutungamira kugadziriswa kwetsvina; (2) kugadzira manejimendi ekutonga akakwana, akaenzana, uye anoshanda uye sisitimu yekutarisira indasitiri kuti ive nechokwadi chekuvandudzwa kunobudirira uye kushanda kwenguva refu kwekugadzirisa tsvina; (3) Kuvandudza chiyero, magariro evanhu, uye hunyanzvi hwekuvaka nekushanda kwenzvimbo dzetsvina dzakaparadzaniswa kuitira kuona kuti zvinobatsira, kuderedza mari, uye kuita kuti kutariswa kuve nyore; (4) Kunyanya (5) kushambadza, dzidzo, uye mapurojekiti ekubatsira vagari, nezvimwewo.
Mukushanda kwayo, ruzivo rwakabudirira uye zvidzidzo zvekukundikana zvinopfupikiswa kuti zvizadzise budiriro inoenderera mberi yetekinoroji yekuchenesa tsvina yemunyika yangu.
Cr.antop
Nguva yekutumira: Kubvumbi-13-2023